Functional testing of automotive ECUs, besides testing for basic functionality, must also test the most significant faults at the ECU’s communication interfaces and the I/O interfaces. By using the VT System, a modular test system by Vector that is tailored to automotive industry requirements, you can efficiently execute functional tests during early development phases.
Test case generators that implement the concepts of model-based testing in functional model development have been commercially available since 2007. The automatically generated test cases simplify regression tests during iterative
development of complex models. Transformations make it possible to re-use the test cases that are generated, e.g. in ECU acceptance testing, so that test cases do not need to be recreated manually. This results in considerable savings in time and
cost for functional developers.
It is generally impossible to fully test electronic ECUs with a large number of input values because of the enormous amount of time required. Despite these constraints, Daimler has achieved a high level of test coverage and good depth in its software testing of electrical power steering units by using the methods of limit value and effects analysis to reduce the number of test cases. Its practical implementation involves simulating driving maneuvers from the real world that are used as a reference. This article describes how to reduce the set of all theoretically possible test cases and to implement tests with a development and testing tool.
ECU networking in heavy-duty vehicles is characterized by the same challenges as in the automobile. Added difficulties are caused by the large numbers of variants with low production volumes and longer product life cycles, requiring a suitable architecture layout. Specially modified development methods are indispensable in handling cost pressure and sending reliable vehicles onto the street.
Besides testing actual functionality, a modern test system for ECUs must also permit testing of the most important fault cases. This applies to the ECU`s communication interfaces as well as to its I/O interfaces. Suitable test systems can be implemented early in the development process using special test strategies tailored to the needs of the automotive industry. The new compact test hardware VT System from Vector meets the various challenges that face such a test system.
Audi is using FlexRay in their newest vehicles. The developed FlexRay network communication uses PDUs (Protocol Data Units) that are fully AUTOSAR compatible. PDUs are logical data containers for exchanging signals between applications and allowing greater decoupling from the underlying communication system. Audi benefited immediately from Vector`s CANoe as a bus analysis and simulation tool which can natively handle PDUs.
For the first time, a fully automated test case generator has been introduced in diagnostics validation at General Motors Europe (GME) Development. This article describes the introduction of this automated testing of diagnostic implementations based on the example of the new Opel Insignia. An electronically readable diagnostic specification forms the basis for test generation. The article describes how the tool used - CANoe.DiVa from Vector - was integrated in the existing tool environment, and it addresses cost and time savings as well as improvements to technical processes that were realized compared to conventional, manual validation at the Opel Corsa.
In networking ECUs in heavy-duty vehicles, it is the J1939 protocol that plays a key role. J1939 networks are based on the CAN bus (high-speed CAN per ISO11898); they are primarily used in powertrain and chassis components. The protocol creates a uniform basis for communication between electronic control units, and it supports the plug-and-play principle. Special J1939 tools and software components spare developers from needing to train in the details of the J1939 protocol, and they improve the quality of the development process.
Driver assistance systems address the issue of growing traffic volume by offering significant relief to drivers. To obtain an objective assessment of control algorithms in the development of such systems, BMW is relying on the support of the CANape measurement and calibration tool. Many suggestions by Munich’s leading car producer also flowed into the design of an extension that effectively handles the special requirements involved in calibrating driver assistance systems.
CANopen established itself as a standard for cost-effective and flexible networking of components in numerous application fields ranging from industrial automation to commercial vehicles. Standardized device profiles simplify communication between bus nodes and facilitate smooth interplay between the ECUs, sensors and actuators from different manufacturers. A specialized prototyping and test tool not only performs valuable services in developing complex CANopen projects, but also in providing a fundamental introduction to the subject area.
The transition from the current LIN Version 2.0 to LIN 2.1, consistent LIN network design and efficient test strategies were key topics at the 3rd LIN Symposium hosted by Vector Informatik GmbH in February 2008 in Stuttgart. Over 150 participants from Germany and across the globe learned about the latest developments and trends related to the LIN bus, and shared their
experiences on efficient use of simulation, design and test tools.
PC interfaces for various standards are indispensable tools in all development phases of automotive electronics, wherever access is needed to what is happening on the bus. OEMs and suppliers are being confronted with especially complex challenges with the current introduction of the FlexRay bus in first production vehicles. Much more than on the CAN bus, high performance hardware
is a prerequisite for experiencing reliable operation in all situations and fully exploiting the potential of software tools for simulation and analysis.
To master the growing complexity of software in modern vehicles, automotive OEMs are increasingly developing their electronic
systems based on AUTOSAR. The standards created by this development partnership simplify development processes
and make ECU software reusable. Since its introduction in 2004, this innovative and pioneering technology has been tested
in many evaluation projects and is now entering an implementation phase in production ECUs. AUTOSAR standard software covers the current state of technology and is undergoing continual advanced development in new releases.
Dual-clutch transmission technology not only offers significant improvement in driver convenience and ride comfort at moderate added cost. At the same time, it also delivers excellent fuel economy. The design of a production version of the world’s first ‘dry system’ dual-clutch transmission represented a special challenge for the ECU`s electronics. Frequent flashing of the ECU is necessary in the development process, and this requires the use of rational flash methods and high-performance tools that are up to the task.
To adjust parameter values in FlexRay ECUs, Audi calibrates them via XCP-on-FlexRay. One of Audi’s requirements was AUTOSAR compatibility of the XCP embedded software modules in the ECUs. For this purpose Vector modified both the XCP master and slave software so that Audi’s electronic developers could perform efficient measurements and calibrations. This was possible thanks to dynamic allocation of the XCP bandwidth for FlexRay.
Contents: Motivation, advantages, tasks and architecture of serial bus systems in the automobile; Reliable data exchange in the automobile with CAN; FlexRay Sets the Pace; Successful Integration of Existing ECU Software in the AUTOSAR Architecture; Trends in Embedded Development; Timing, memory protection and error detection in OSEK systems; CAN and J1939 under Extreme Duty Conditions; Before considering tools it is essential to have a handle on the processes first
Contents: Current Challenges in Automotive Networking; Simple and cost-effective data exchange in the automobile with LIN; FlexRay for data exchange in highly critical safety applications; Calibration: Use of XCP on FlexRay at BMW; Network Management for FlexRay; AUTOSAR: Early Migration creates Opportunities for Innovations; Flash programming via CAN requires supplier`s flexibility; Vehicle Diagnostics - The whole Story
Content: Efficient testing in automotive electronics, reliable engineering testing on a wiper motor test bench, prototyping and testing CANopen systems, FlexRay becomes daily routine, serial bus systems in the automobile, The Universal Gateway ECU Flexible Flash Solution for every Job, Tool-supported Data and Process Management at MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG
In developing electronics for modern construction equipment, a large share can even be tested and simulated meaningfully on test benches. In later development stages, on the other hand, it is preferable to perform tests and trial runs under real conditions at construction sites or outdoor test sites. To avoid distracting the operator in the driver’s cabin with test equipment, a wireless interface has now been realized for the first time with the CANoe and CANalyzer development and analysis tools from Vector. Electronics developers at BOMAG GmbH now use this interface to log the communication on various vehicle buses at a distance and analyze it.
The growing complexity of today`s system architectures is associated with an increase in the effort that must be invested in test specification, test creation and test execution during the development of such systems and system components. Test specifications should be available in early phases of the development process, e.g. after the system architecture has been created or during component design. This makes it possible to detect errors early and correct them cost-effectively. Device descriptions can be prepared for CANopen systems as early as after definition of the component architecture. Together with the system definition, the device descriptions form the basis for creating test specifications. They can be used to derive executable test sequences, which in turn can be executed in a suitable runtime environment.
Contents: AUTOSAR on its way to production, The Universal Gateway ECU, Early Migration creates Opportunities for Innovations, Successful Integration of Existing ECU Software in the AUTOSAR Architecture, Tool-Supported Integration of Microcontroller-Specific Modules
High quality and reliability are essential preconditions for the successful application of bus systems to modern automobiles. Due to the significant increase in the number of LIN (Local Interconnect Network) components used in automotive developments, efficient test strategies for this cost-efficient bus system are gaining in importance. Vector describes the current possibilities for testing LIN nodes according to the latest LIN conformance test specification. For Master nodes a new and efficient black
box test strategy is presented based on the well-known development and simulation tool CANoe.LIN.
To soundly manage growth in the number of complex transmission calibration projects and their data at ZF Friedrichshafen AG, the company needed to introduce a new calibration data management system. Deciding factors for introducing the calibration data management system eASEE.cdm from Vector were the tool`s high functionality, flexibility and potential. Another crucial factor was the companies’ development partnership over many years with the goal of jointly meeting ZF targets for quality assurance and improved efficiency.
High flexibility of gateway ECUs is achieved by the post-build principle, since it permits a later configuration at any time - even in late development phases during ECU integration or even in the field. This results in universally deployable ECUs. Based on the AUTOSAR standard, a method is presented here that describes how the gateway functionality in the finished ECU can be adapted to new requirements.
Reprogramming of modern flash chips has become a commonplace process in development and production. In practice, the jobs are exceptionally diverse – depending on the ECU, department, manufacturer and supplier – so preparation, management and the flash process itself all involve considerable effort. Therefore, this article first surveys the purely technical terrain in which flash solutions occur. Afterwards, the perspective is expanded to cover process-oriented jobs and rational approaches to solutions.
Time-synchronous recording and evaluation of bus messages
and physical parameters during endurance testing: Synchronizing the bus communication with measured physical parameters is one of the most difficult requirements for reliable tests of ECUs. The data from four data acquisition boards was evaluated in real-time and synchronized with the bus communication of a control module in real-time. The specialists of Vector Informatik developed an individual solution based on the development and test tool CANoe for the requirements of Valeo Wiper Systems.
At MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG an integrated approach was applied
to managing all engineering data generated in the E/E
development process and its subprocesses. The goal is to
further improve the efficiency and quality of development,
despite the growing complexity of electronic systems. MAN
Nutzfahrzeuge AG developed and introduced an integrated
development database for this purpose, which is based on
the eASEE Tool Suite from the Vector company: The MAN
Common Engineering Data Backbone.
Testing certainly plays an important role in the automotive
electronics development process today, but there is
unexploited potential for more efficient and automated
testing execution in the future by utilizing the right
strategies, ideas and tools. This article analyzes the
current state of the technology, clarifies problematic
interactions occurring in practice, and demonstrates that
tools are already available today for solving concrete
project tasks related to testing in an elegant and
efficient way.
MOST for transmission of multimedia data: A premium class car is growing to resemble a mobile office. In response to customer demand, increasing numbers of entertainment and information media that are making their way into automobiles. The most significant challenges in this area are, first, to keep wiring expense as low as possible, and second, to fully satisfy the heightened functional requirements of an infotainment system in the car. As a result, the MOST (Media Oriented System Transport) bus system is now used to transmit audio and video signals in approx. 50 model series.
Turbochargers help engines, especially those with comparatively small displacements, to develop considerable torque and a high level of driving dynamics. Today’s engine charging systems must flexibly adapt to engine speed and momentary power requirements; therefore, turbocharger control requires careful optimization. For the automotive supplier BorgWarner Turbo Systems, use of the CANape software tool has produced enormous streamlining potential in developing demo vehicles and hardware equipment for road durability tests.
More and more electronic functions for safety and convenience are finding their way into the modern automobile. Since the number of ECUs is being held in check, however, this means that the complexity of individual devices must grow to compensate. Making an important contribution toward rationalization of the development process for these distributed systems is the XCP communication protocol, whose main tasks include measurement and calibration of ECU-internal variables at runtime. A tremendous advantage of this successor protocol to CCP is its independence of the physical transport layer.
CANopen has become an accepted standard for cost-effective networking of components for many types of applications. Systems networked by CANopen offer ample flexibility at well-defined costs. Nevertheless, as with any other new technology the initial implementation of such a system is always associated with high technical risks for the system producer. What potential challenges must a developer of CANopen systems overcome? A majority of the development tasks within the framework of the V-Model can be ascribed to the areas of verification and validation. Comprehensive testing conducted as early as possible allows the developer to nearly exclude errors that might otherwise be discovered too late.
Contact
![Vector [Press Articles] as RSS feed](/portal/pics/layout/rss.png "Vector [Press Articles] as RSS feed")